State constitution
Constitution of Oklahoma
Data from OK Legislature
Full article structure with every section captured by its printed catchline and condensed one-line text. The four longest articles (V Legislative, VI Executive, IX Corporations, X Revenue and Taxation) are rendered at heading level; repealed/reserved sections leave gaps in numbering. Consult the source link for verbatim text and the most recent amendments.
Article I Federal Relations
§ 1 Supreme law of the land
The state accepts the Constitution of the United States as the supreme law of the land.
§ 2 Religious liberty; plural marriages
Perfect toleration of religious sentiment is secured, and polygamous or plural marriages are forever prohibited.
§ 3 Unappropriated public lands; Indian lands; jurisdiction
The people disclaim right to unappropriated public and Indian lands, which remain under the jurisdiction of the United States.
§ 4 Territorial debts and liabilities
The state assumes the debts and liabilities of the territory of Oklahoma and Indian Territory.
§ 5 Public schools
The state shall maintain a system of public schools open to all children.
§ 6 Right of suffrage
The state guarantees the right of suffrage to its qualified electors.
Article II Bill of Rights
§ 1 Political power; purpose of government; reformation
All political power is inherent in the people, government is instituted for their benefit, and they have the right to alter or reform it.
§ 2 Inherent rights
All persons have the inherent right to life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, and the enjoyment of the gains of their own industry.
§ 3 Right of assembly and petition
The people have the right peaceably to assemble for the common good and to apply to those in power for redress of grievances.
§ 4 Interference with right of suffrage
No power shall interfere to prevent the free exercise of the right of suffrage.
§ 5 No public money for sectarian purposes
No public money or property shall be used for the benefit of any sect, church, or system of religion.
§ 6 Courts open; remedies; no sale or delay of justice
The courts shall be open to every person, who shall have a remedy by due course of law, administered without sale, denial, delay, or prejudice.
§ 7 Due process of law
No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
§ 8 Right to bail; exceptions
All persons are bailable by sufficient sureties except for certain capital or serious offenses where proof is evident.
§ 9 Excessive bail; cruel or unusual punishment
Excessive bail and fines shall not be required, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted.
§ 10 Habeas corpus
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall never be suspended except in case of rebellion or invasion when public safety requires it.
§ 11 Officers to attend to duties; intoxication
Public officers must devote their time to their duties, and intoxication is cause for removal.
§ 12 Federal and other-state officers ineligible
No person holding an office under the United States or another state is eligible to hold a state office.
§ 12A Term limits for Congressmen
Oklahoma's members of Congress are limited in successive terms (subject to federal case law).
§ 13 Imprisonment for debt
Imprisonment for debt is prohibited except for the nonpayment of fines and penalties imposed for the violation of law.
§ 14 Military subordinate; quartering troops
The military is subordinate to the civil authorities, and no soldier shall be quartered in any house without the owner's consent except as prescribed by law.
§ 15 Attainder; ex post facto; contracts
No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts shall ever be passed.
§ 16 Treason
Treason consists only in levying war against the state or adhering to its enemies, proved by two witnesses to the same overt act or confession in open court.
§ 17 Indictment or information; preliminary examination
Prosecutions may be by indictment or information after preliminary examination, as provided by law.
§ 18 Grand jury
A grand jury shall be convened upon order of a judge or petition of citizens, as provided by law.
§ 19 Trial by jury
The right of trial by jury shall be and remain inviolate, with provisions for jury size and verdicts as specified.
§ 20 Rights of the accused
In criminal prosecutions the accused has the right to a speedy public trial, to counsel, to be informed of the charge, and to confront witnesses.
§ 21 Self-incrimination; double jeopardy
No person shall be compelled to give evidence against himself or be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.
§ 22 Freedom of speech and press; libel
Every person may freely speak, write, and publish sentiments, being responsible for abuse of that right; truth may be given in evidence in libel prosecutions.
§ 23 Private property not taken for private use
No private property shall be taken or damaged for private use except for private ways of necessity or for drains and ditches.
§ 24 Private property; public use; compensation
Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use without just compensation, and whether the use is public is a judicial question.
§ 25 Contempt; jury trial
The Legislature defines contempt and secures a jury trial in indirect contempt cases as provided.
§ 26 Right to bear arms
The right of a citizen to keep and bear arms in defense of home, person, and property is not prohibited, though the Legislature may regulate the carrying of weapons.
§ 27 Witnesses; immunity
No person shall be excused from testifying on the ground of self-incrimination, but such testimony grants immunity from prosecution.
§ 28 Corporate records
The records, books, and files of corporations are subject to examination as provided by law.
§ 29 Transportation out of state
No person shall be transported out of the state for any offense committed within it.
§ 30 Searches and seizures; warrants
The people are secure against unreasonable searches and seizures, and no warrant shall issue except on probable cause supported by oath describing the place and persons or things.
§ 31 State engagement in business
The right of the state to engage in any occupation or business for public benefit is reserved, except agriculture.
§ 32 Perpetuities; monopolies
Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free government and shall never be allowed.
§ 33 Enumeration of rights
This enumeration of rights shall not impair or deny others retained by the people.
§ 34 Rights of victims
Crime victims are guaranteed rights, including notice of and presence at proceedings, to be heard, and to restitution.
Article III Suffrage
§ 1 Qualifications of electors
Qualified electors are citizens of the United States and of the state who meet the age and residency requirements.
§ 2 State Election Board
A State Election Board is created, with membership and duties as provided by law.
§ 3 Mandatory primary system
Candidates for elective office are nominated through a mandatory primary election system.
§ 4 Conduct of elections; registration
The Legislature provides for the manner of holding and conducting elections and the registration of voters.
§ 5 Free and equal elections
All elections shall be free and equal, and no civil or military power shall interfere to prevent the free exercise of suffrage.
Article IV Distribution of Powers
§ 1 Separation of powers
The powers of government are divided into legislative, executive, and judicial departments, which shall be separate and distinct.
Article V Legislative Department
§ 1 Legislature; powers reserved to the people
Legislative authority is vested in a Legislature of a Senate and House, but the people reserve the powers of initiative and referendum.
§ 2 Reserved powers; signatures required
The initiative and referendum powers are defined, with the number of signatures required for petitions.
§ 3 Petitions; veto; elections; effective dates
Procedures govern initiative and referendum petitions, the governor's role, election timing, and when measures take effect.
§ 4 Referendum against part of an act
The referendum may be invoked against a part or parts of any act.
§ 5 Reserved powers of counties and districts
The initiative and referendum powers are reserved to the voters of every county and district for local legislation.
§ 5a Township organization; abolition and restoration
Township organization may be abolished or restored as provided.
§ 6 Rejected measure resubmitted
A measure rejected by the people may not be proposed again within a stated period except by petition.
§ 7 Powers of Legislature not affected
The reservation of initiative and referendum does not deprive the Legislature of its right to legislate.
§ 8 Prevention of corruption
The Legislature shall enact laws to prevent corruption in elections and legislation.
§ 9A Senatorial districts; tenure
Senate districts and senators' terms are established, with staggered terms.
§ 10A House membership; formula; tenure
The House membership is set by formula, with representatives' terms.
§ 11A Apportionment; failure to apportion
The Legislature apportions itself after each census, and an Apportionment Commission acts on its failure to do so.
§ 11B Apportionment order by Commission
The Apportionment Commission renders an order of apportionment when required.
§ 11C Review of apportionment orders
Apportionment orders are subject to review, and failure to seek review has stated effects.
§ 11D Determination by Supreme Court
The Supreme Court determines challenges to apportionment.
§ 11E Compelling the Commission to act
Proceedings may compel the Commission to act, and related proceedings may be consolidated.
§ 17 Qualifications of members
Members must be of stated age, qualified electors, and residents of their districts.
§ 17A Legislative term limits
No person may serve more than twelve years total in the Legislature.
§ 18 Ineligibility; federal and state officers; conviction
Federal and state officers and persons convicted of certain crimes are ineligible to the Legislature.
§ 19 Expelled member ineligible
A member expelled for corruption is ineligible, and expulsion does not bar indictment.
§ 20 Vacancies
Vacancies in the Legislature are filled as provided by law.
§ 21 Conflict of interests; legislative compensation
Conflicts of interest are prohibited, and a Board on Legislative Compensation sets members' pay.
§ 22 Privileges; arrest; speech
Members are privileged from arrest during sessions except for serious crimes, and are not questioned elsewhere for speeches or debates.
§ 23 Ineligibility to appointment; contracts
No member may be appointed to a civil office created or whose pay was increased during the term, nor be interested in state contracts.
§ 24 Disclosure of private interest
A member with a personal or private interest in a measure must disclose it and not vote.
§ 25 Duration of first session
The first legislative session was limited in duration.
§ 26 Regular sessions
The Legislature meets in regular annual sessions with stated limits on length.
§ 27 Special sessions
The governor may call special sessions of the Legislature.
§ 27A Special sessions called by the Legislature
The Legislature may call itself into special session upon written call of two-thirds of the members of each house.
§ 28 Senate officers and committees
The Senate elects a president pro tempore and appoints standing committees.
§ 29 Speaker of the House
The House of Representatives elects a Speaker as its presiding officer.
§ 30 Judge of elections; quorum; rules
Each house judges the elections and qualifications of its members, sets its quorum and rules, and punishes disorderly conduct.
§ 31 Elections by the Legislature
Elections by the Legislature are viva voce and entered on the journal.
§ 32 Special and local laws; notice
Notice of intended introduction of a special or local law must be published.
§ 33 Revenue bills; origination and limits
Revenue bills originate in the House, may not pass in the last five days of the session, and are subject to referendum or a supermajority.
§ 34 Reading and passage of bills
Bills are read and passed with the yeas and nays entered on the journal.
§ 35 Signing bills; entry on journal
Bills and resolutions are signed by the presiding officers and the fact entered on the journal.
§ 36 Extent of legislative authority
Legislative authority extends to all rightful subjects, and specific grants do not limit the general grant.
§ 37 State printing plant and printer
The state maintains a printing plant and a state printer.
§ 38 Geological and Economic Survey
A Geological and Economic Survey is provided for.
§ 39 Boards of health, dentistry, pharmacy; pure food
Boards of Health, Dentistry, and Pharmacy and a pure food commission are provided for.
§ 40 Militia
The Legislature provides for organizing, maintaining, and regulating the militia.
§ 41 Firemen's pensions
The Legislature may provide for firemen's pensions.
§ 42 Contempt; disobedience of process
The Legislature may punish contempt, disobedience of its process, and disorderly conduct.
§ 43 Decennial revision of laws
The Legislature provides for a decennial revision and codification of the laws.
§ 44 Unlawful restraints of trade
The Legislature shall enact laws against unlawful restraints of trade, combinations, and monopolies.
§ 45 Carrying the Constitution into effect
The Legislature shall pass such laws as are necessary to carry the Constitution into effect.
§ 46 Prohibited local and special laws
The Legislature shall not pass local or special laws on enumerated subjects where a general law can apply.
§ 47 Retirement of officers
The Legislature may provide for the retirement of officers.
§ 48 Bureau of immigration
A bureau of immigration may be established.
§ 49 Legislative employees
The number and pay of legislative employees are fixed by law.
§ 50 Exemption of property from taxation
The Legislature may exempt certain property from taxation.
§ 51 Exclusive rights and privileges
The Legislature shall not grant any exclusive rights, privileges, or immunities to any citizen or class.
§ 52 Revival of rights or remedies
The Legislature may not revive a right or remedy barred by law, nor take away a cause of action or defense in certain cases.
§ 53 Release of debts to the state
The Legislature shall not release or extinguish debts or liabilities owed to the state or a subdivision.
§ 54 Effect of repeal of statute
The repeal of a statute does not affect accrued rights, penalties, or pending proceedings unless so provided.
§ 55 Appropriations required
No money shall be paid from the treasury except on appropriation made by law specifying its purpose.
§ 56 General appropriation bills
General appropriation bills embrace only the ordinary expenses of government; other appropriations are by separate bills.
§ 57 Subjects and titles of bills
Every act shall embrace but one subject expressed in its title, and revival or amendment by reference is limited.
§ 58 Effective date; emergency measures
Statutes take effect ninety days after adjournment unless declared an emergency measure.
§ 59 Uniform operation of general laws
Laws of a general nature shall have uniform operation, and special laws are void where a general law can apply.
§ 60 Checks and balances
The system of checks and balances among the departments is preserved.
§ 61 Pensions to police officers
The Legislature may provide pensions for police officers.
§ 62 Retirement benefits for teachers
The Legislature may provide retirement benefits for teachers and school employees.
§ 63 Continuity of government in emergencies
The Legislature shall provide for continuity of governmental operations in periods of emergency caused by enemy attack.
Article VI Executive Department
§ 1 Executive officers enumerated
The executive department consists of the governor, lieutenant governor, and other named officers, whose offices and records are provided for.
§ 2 Supreme power in the governor
The supreme executive power is vested in a chief magistrate styled the Governor of the State of Oklahoma.
§ 3 Eligibility to certain offices
Eligibility requirements are set for certain state offices.
§ 4 Terms of office; succession
Terms of the executive officers are fixed, with succession provisions.
§ 5 Returns of election; tie votes
Election returns are canvassed, and tie votes are resolved as provided.
§ 6 Commander-in-chief of the militia
The governor is commander-in-chief of the militia and may call it out to execute the laws and suppress insurrection.
§ 7 Extraordinary sessions
The governor may convene the Legislature in extraordinary session.
§ 8 Execution of laws; intergovernmental relations
The governor shall cause the laws to be faithfully executed and conducts the state's relations with other states and the United States.
§ 10 Reprieves, commutations, paroles, pardons
The governor may grant reprieves, commutations, paroles, and pardons upon recommendation of the Pardon and Parole Board.
§ 11 Approval or veto of bills
Every bill is presented to the governor, who may approve or veto it, subject to override by a two-thirds vote.
§ 12 Appropriation bills; line-item veto
The governor may approve or disapprove items in appropriation bills and act on emergency bills.
§ 13 Commissions; vacancies
Officers' commissions issue in the name of the state, and the governor fills vacancies as provided.
§ 14 Adjournment; place of meeting
The governor may adjourn the Legislature on disagreement and, in emergencies, change its place of meeting.
§ 15 Lieutenant governor; qualifications; succession
The lieutenant governor is president of the Senate and acts as governor upon impeachment, absence, or disability.
§ 16 Devolution of powers on lieutenant governor
The powers and duties of the governor devolve upon the lieutenant governor in cases of vacancy or disability.
§ 17 Duties of lieutenant governor
The lieutenant governor performs the duties prescribed by the Constitution and law.
§ 18 Secretary of state; seal
The secretary of state has custody and use of the state seal.
§ 19 Attorney general; qualifications and duties
The attorney general's qualifications, powers, and duties are provided by law.
§ 20 Department created; duties
A named department is created with duties as provided.
§ 21 Board of Arbitration and Conciliation
A Board of Arbitration and Conciliation is provided for labor disputes.
§ 22 Insurance Department
An Insurance Department is established to perform its functions.
§ 23 Insurance Commissioner
The Insurance Commissioner is elected for a fixed term with stated qualifications.
§ 24 Bond of commissioner; duties
The commissioner gives bond and performs additional duties as prescribed.
§ 25 Office created; duties, oath, bond
A named office is created with its term, qualifications, duties, oath, and bond.
§ 26 Mining districts; inspectors
Mining districts and assistant mine inspectors are provided for.
§ 27 Election; term; qualifications
A named officer is elected for a term with stated qualifications.
§ 28 Powers and duties; reports
The officer exercises stated powers and reports on investigations.
§ 29 Report and suggestions
The officer reports and makes suggestions to the appropriate authority.
§ 30 Power of the Legislature
The Legislature may prescribe additional powers and duties.
§ 31 Board of Agriculture; authority and duties
A Board of Agriculture is created with stated status, authority, and duties.
§ 31a Board of Regents for A&M schools
A Board of Regents for the agricultural and mechanical schools and colleges is established.
§ 32 Membership and functions
The membership and functions of a named body are provided for.
§ 33 Accounts and reports of officers
Officers and commissioners keep accounts and make reports as required.
§ 34 Compensation of officers
The compensation of the executive officers is provided by law.
§ 35 Description of the seal
The great seal of the state is described.
Article VII Judicial Department
§ 1 Courts in which judicial power vested
The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, a Court of Criminal Appeals, district courts, and other courts provided by law.
§ 2 Supreme Court justices; terms; vacancies
The Supreme Court consists of nine justices, with stated terms and provisions for vacancies and the chief justice.
§ 3 Election of justices and judges
Justices and judges are chosen and vacancies filled as provided by law.
§ 4 Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court; writs
The Supreme Court has appellate and original jurisdiction and power to issue remedial writs.
§ 5 Sessions; quorum; intermediate appellate courts
The court's sessions, quorum, and the creation of intermediate appellate courts are provided for.
§ 6 Administrative authority; director
The chief justice is the administrative head of the courts, aided by an administrative director and staff.
§ 7 District courts; jurisdiction
District courts have unlimited original jurisdiction, and prior inferior courts are abolished with matters transferred.
§ 8 District court judges; selection; jurisdiction
Classes of district judges are provided, with their selection, terms, and jurisdiction.
§ 9 Election of district and associate district judges
District judges and associate district judges are elected by the voters of their districts.
§ 10 Judicial administrative districts
The state is divided into judicial administrative districts.
§ 11 Salaries and expenses; retirement
Judicial salaries, expenses, and retirement are provided for.
§ 12 Continuing provisions
Certain provisions continue in effect during the transition to the reorganized court system.
§ 13 Savings clause
A savings clause preserves pending matters and existing rights.
§ 14 Effective dates; implementing acts
Effective dates and implementing legislation for the judicial article are provided.
§ 15 Jury trials; verdicts
The right of jury trial is preserved, with provisions on jury size and verdicts.
§ 16 Repealer
Superseded provisions of the former judicial article are repealed.
Article VII-A Court on the Judiciary
§ 1 Removal or retirement of judges; causes
Judges may be removed from office or compulsorily retired for stated causes such as misconduct or disability.
§ 2 Court on the Judiciary created
A Court on the Judiciary is created, consisting of a Trial Division and an Appellate Division.
§ 3 Presiding judge; rules; clerk
The court has a presiding judge, adopts rules, meets, appoints a clerk, and exercises stated powers.
§ 4 Invoking jurisdiction; hearing
The court's jurisdiction is invoked by petition, followed by a hearing.
§ 5 Appeal to the Appellate Division
Decisions of the Trial Division may be appealed to the Appellate Division.
§ 6 Rules; judges pro tem; compensation
Established rules apply, judges pro tem may serve, and their compensation is provided.
§ 7 Exclusive jurisdiction
The Court on the Judiciary has exclusive jurisdiction over the removal and discipline of judges.
Article VII-B Selection of Justices and Judges
§ 1 Governing provisions; definitions
This article governs the selection of appellate justices and judges and defines its terms.
§ 2 Declaration of candidacy; election
Certain justices and judges face the voters on a nonpartisan retention ballot.
§ 3 Judicial Nominating Commission
A Judicial Nominating Commission is established to nominate candidates for appellate judicial vacancies.
§ 4 Filling a judicial vacancy
The governor fills a judicial vacancy from the Commission's list of nominees.
§ 5 Terms and election
Appointed justices and judges stand for retention at stated terms.
§ 6 Political activity prohibited
Justices and judges are prohibited from certain political activity.
§ 7 Effective date
The effective date of the selection system is provided.
Article VIII Impeachment and Removal from Office
§ 1 Officers subject to impeachment; grounds
The governor and other elected state officers, including justices and judges, are subject to impeachment for willful neglect, corruption, incompetency, or crime, and are suspended on impeachment.
§ 2 Removal of officers not subject to impeachment
Officers not subject to impeachment are removed as provided by law.
§ 3 Presiding officer; presentation of charges
The House presents articles of impeachment, and the Senate tries them, with a designated presiding officer.
§ 4 Oath; number concurring
Senators sit under oath, and conviction requires the concurrence of two-thirds.
§ 5 Judgment of impeachment
Judgment extends only to removal and disqualification, leaving the party liable to prosecution.
§ 6 Necessary laws
The Legislature shall pass laws necessary to carry the impeachment provisions into effect.
Article IX Corporations
§ 1 Corporation; charter; license defined
The terms corporation, company, charter, and license are defined for the article.
§ 2 Construction of lines
Transportation and transmission companies have stated rights to construct their lines.
§ 3 Receipt of cars, tonnage, and passengers
Common carriers must receive cars, tonnage, and passengers from connecting lines without discrimination.
§ 4 Oil pipeline companies
Oil pipeline companies are regulated as common carriers with stated duties.
§ 5 Telegraph and telephone companies
Telegraph and telephone companies must exchange messages and interconnect without discrimination.
§ 6 Railroads as public highways
Railroads are declared public highways, subject to reporting, offices, and consolidation rules.
§ 7 Movable property; liability
Movable railroad property is deemed personal property and is liable for debts.
§ 8 Consolidation of public service corporations
Consolidation of public service corporations and holding a common officer are restricted.
§ 9 Sales and leases; consolidation restrictions
Additional restrictions apply to the sale, lease, or consolidation of competing lines.
§ 10 Street railroads; consent
Street railroads require the consent of local authorities to construct and operate.
§ 11 Acceptance of the Constitution
Corporations doing business in the state are deemed to accept the provisions of the Constitution.
§ 12 Transportation of a railroad's own commodities
A railroad's transportation of its own commodities is restricted to prevent unfair advantage.
§ 13 Free passes prohibited
The free transportation of passengers by public carriers is prohibited except as allowed.
§ 14 Repealed
Repealed.
§ 15 Corporation Commission created; terms
The Corporation Commission is created, with three commissioners, their terms, and provisions for vacancies.
§ 16 Qualifications of commissioners
Commissioners must meet stated qualifications and devote full time to their duties.
§ 17 Oath of office
Commissioners take the oath of office and an additional oath.
§ 18 Powers and duties; notice
The Commission supervises, regulates, and controls transportation and transmission companies, giving notice before acting.
§ 18a Organization; quorum; vote
The Commission's organization, quorum, and necessary vote are prescribed.
§ 18b Company defined
The term company is defined for the Commission's jurisdiction.
§ 19 Powers of a court of record
The Commission has the powers of a court of record for stated purposes and to enforce its orders.
§ 20 Appeals to the Supreme Court
Appeals from the Commission lie to the Supreme Court, and no other court has jurisdiction to review its actions.
§ 21 Supersedeas; accounts; refunds
Supersedeas, security, accounting, refunds, and the precedence of appeals are governed.
§ 22 Statement of reasons; record
The Commission states the reasons for its action, and a cause is heard on the record.
§ 24 Rights of action; questioning Commission action
Private rights of action are preserved, and the manner of questioning Commission action is provided.
§ 25 Reports and recommendations
The Commission makes reports and recommendations to the Legislature.
§ 26 Railway depots
The Commission may require adequate railway depots and depot buildings.
§ 27 Grade crossings
The Commission regulates railroad crossings at grade.
§ 28 Inspection of books; examination of officers
The Commission may inspect the books and papers of, and examine the officers of, regulated companies.
§ 29 Record of financial transactions
Regulated companies must keep a record of their financial transactions.
§ 30 Greater charge for shorter distance
Charging more for a shorter than a longer haul over the same line is prohibited.
§ 31 Foreign corporations; eminent domain
Foreign corporations exercising eminent domain are subject to stated restrictions.
§ 32 Through rates; investigation
The Commission may investigate and establish through rates upon notice.
§ 33 Switches to industries
The Commission may require switches to mines, mills, elevators, and industries.
§ 34 Definitions; conflicts with U.S. Constitution
Terms are defined and conflicts with the federal Constitution are avoided.
§ 35 Power of the Legislature
The Legislature retains power to enlarge or limit the Commission's powers by law.
§ 36 Common-law doctrine abrogated
The common-law rule limiting liability for the acts of receivers and employees is abrogated.
§ 38 Creation or licensing by general law
Corporations are created or licensed only under general laws.
§ 39 Restrictions on issuance of stock
Corporations may issue stock only for money, labor, or property actually received.
§ 40 Influencing elections or official duty
Corporate influence on elections or official duty is prohibited.
§ 41 Banks and trust companies
Banks and trust companies are restricted from controlling other such companies.
§ 42 Arbitration with employees
Corporations are encouraged to arbitrate differences with their employees.
§ 43 Foreign corporations; resident agent
Foreign corporations must designate a resident agent for service of process.
§ 44 Foreign corporations subject to same restrictions
Foreign corporations are subject to the same restrictions and liabilities as domestic ones.
§ 45 Monopoly; discrimination prohibited
Monopoly, the destruction of competition, and unjust discrimination are prohibited.
§ 46 Special or exclusive privileges
No grant of special or exclusive privileges shall be made to any corporation.
§ 47 Power to alter or repeal charters
The Legislature reserves power to alter, amend, or repeal corporate charters and franchises.
§ 48 Penalties and regulations
The Legislature prescribes penalties and regulations to enforce the corporations article.
Article X Revenue and Taxation
§ 1 Fiscal year
The fiscal year of the state is established by law.
§ 2 Tax to defray state expenses
The Legislature shall provide by law for an annual tax sufficient to defray the ordinary expenses of the state.
§ 3 Tax to pay a deficiency
A tax shall be levied to pay any deficiency remaining at the end of a fiscal year.
§ 4 Levy to pay state debt
A levy shall be provided to pay the interest and principal of the state debt.
§ 5 Power of taxation; uniformity
The power of taxation is never surrendered, and taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects.
§ 6 Property exempt from taxation
Public, religious, charitable, and certain other property is exempt from taxation.
§ 6A Cross-reference
This section cross-references the intangible and in-transit property provisions.
§ 6Av1 In-transit tangible personal property; situs
Tangible personal property moving through the state is exempt from ad valorem tax as to its situs.
§ 6Av2 Intangible personal property exempt
Intangible personal property is exempt from ad valorem and other taxes.
§ 6B Manufacturing ad valorem exemption
A qualifying manufacturing concern may receive an ad valorem tax exemption.
§ 6C Enterprise areas; local tax incentives
Local taxes may be used to relieve economic stagnation or decline in enterprise areas.
§ 7 Assessments for local improvements
Property may be assessed for local improvements benefiting it.
§ 8 Valuation; limit on fair cash value
Property is assessed at a stated percentage of its fair cash value.
§ 8A Exemption of household goods
Household goods of heads of families may be exempted by county option.
§ 8B Limit on valuation increases of real property
Increases in the assessed value of real property are capped annually.
§ 8C Limit on homestead valuation
The valuation increase on a qualifying homestead is further limited.
§ 9 Amount of ad valorem tax
The maximum rate of ad valorem tax for various purposes is fixed.
§ 9A County health department levy
An additional county ad valorem levy may fund a department of health.
§ 9B Area vocational-technical school levy
Area school districts for vocational-technical schools may levy taxes.
§ 9C Emergency medical service districts
Emergency Medical Service Districts may be created and funded by levy.
§ 9D Solid waste management levy
A levy may fund solid waste management services.
§ 10 Increased rate for buildings
The rate may be increased by vote for public buildings or a building fund.
§ 10A County library levy
A levy may fund cooperative county and joint city-county libraries.
§ 10B Municipal hospital levy
A levy may fund the operation of municipally owned hospitals.
§ 11 Officer receiving interest or profit
No officer may retain interest, profit, or perquisites from public funds.
§ 12 Special forms of taxation
The Legislature may provide special forms of taxation, referencing federal measures where appropriate.
§ 12a Common school taxes on public service property
Common school taxes apply to the property of public service corporations.
§ 13 Independence of state taxation
The state's power of taxation is independent of the federal government's.
§ 14 Taxes for public purposes
Taxes are levied and collected by general laws for public purposes only.
§ 15 No pledge or loan of credit
The credit of the state or a subdivision shall not be given, pledged, or loaned, except as provided.
§ 16 Borrowing money; specification of purpose
Money borrowed must be for a specified purpose and used only for that purpose.
§ 17 Aid to corporations by subdivisions
Counties, cities, and towns may not aid corporations except as permitted.
§ 19 Purpose of tax; diversion
A tax levied for one purpose may not be diverted to another.
§ 20 Taxes for municipal purposes
The state shall not impose taxes for the purposes of a county, city, town, or municipality.
§ 21 State Board of Equalization
A State Board of Equalization adjusts and equalizes assessments.
§ 22 Classification of property
The Legislature may classify property for purposes of taxation.
§ 23 Balanced budget
The state must operate under a balanced budget, with procedures for estimating revenue.
§ 23a Surplus; bonded indebtedness
Any surplus in the General Revenue Fund is applied as provided, including to bonded indebtedness.
§ 24 Debts for invasion, insurrection, or war
The state may contract debt to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the state in war.
§ 25 Authorization of debt; vote
State debt beyond stated limits requires authorization by law, a tax to repay it, and approval of the voters.
§ 26 Indebtedness of political subdivisions
A political subdivision may not incur debt exceeding stated limits without the assent of its voters.
§ 27 Indebtedness for public utilities
A municipality may incur debt to purchase, construct, or repair public utilities upon a vote.
§ 27A Municipal water financing
Municipal water and water facilities may be financed as provided.
§ 27B Indebtedness
Additional provisions govern subdivision indebtedness.
§ 28 Sinking fund
Revenue for a sinking fund is provided and applied to the debt and judgments.
§ 29 Bonds; certificates
Bonds and evidences of indebtedness must bear certificates as to their validity.
§ 30 System of accounting
A uniform system of accounting is provided for public funds.
§ 31 Debt for state buildings
Indebtedness may be incurred for the construction and equipment of state buildings.
§ 32 School building equalization fund
A state public common school building equalization fund is established.
§ 33 Debt for capital improvements
Indebtedness may be authorized for the construction of buildings and other capital improvements.
§ 33A State Industrial Finance Authority
A State Industrial Finance Authority is established.
§ 34 Debt for higher-education improvements
Indebtedness may be authorized for capital improvements at institutions of higher education.
§ 35 Levy for industrial development
Municipalities and counties may levy taxes to secure and develop industry.
§ 36 Debt for University Medical Center
Indebtedness may be authorized for capital improvements at the University Medical Center.
§ 37 Bonds for state institution improvements
A bond issue may fund capital improvements at state institutions.
§ 38 Debt for state institution improvements
Indebtedness may be incurred for capital improvements at state institutions.
§ 39 Water resources and sewage programs
Water resources and sewage treatment programs may be funded, with state participation.
§ 42 Credit enhancement reserve fund
An economic development credit enhancement reserve fund is established.
§ 43 Amount for capital improvements
Limits are set on the amount the state may expend for construction, remodeling, or other capital improvements.
Article XI State and School Lands
§ 1 Acceptance of grants; pledge of faith
The state accepts land grants and donations from the United States and pledges its faith to apply them to their trust purposes.
§ 2 Permanent school fund
The permanent school fund is constituted from land proceeds and other sources and applied to the common schools.
§ 3 Interest and income; apportionment
The interest and income of the permanent funds are used and apportioned for education.
§ 4 Sale of lands for public institutions
Lands granted for charitable, penal, educational, and public buildings may be sold as provided.
§ 5 University and college lands
University and college lands and the control of those institutions are provided for.
§ 6 Investment of permanent funds
The permanent common school and educational funds are invested as provided by law.
§ 7 Commercial and agricultural leases
Commercial and agricultural leases of trust property may be granted.
Article XII Homestead and Exemptions
§ 1 Extent and value of homestead
The homestead's extent and value are defined, with provisions for Indians and temporary rules.
§ 2 Exemption from forced sale; spousal consent
The homestead is exempt from forced sale, and its sale requires the consent of the spouse.
§ 3 Nullified statutes; purchase-money exception
Conflicting statutes are nullified, and the exemption does not defeat a purchase-money lien.
Article XII-A Homestead Exemption from Taxation
§ 1 Ad valorem exemption authorized
An exemption of the homestead from ad valorem taxation is authorized.
§ 2 Duration; increase of homestead
The duration of the exemption and increases in the homestead are provided for.
Article XIII Education
§ 1 Public schools established
The Legislature shall establish and maintain a system of free public schools open to all children.
§ 1a Funds for common schools
Funds are appropriated and allocated for the support of the common schools.
§ 2 Institutions for the disabled
Institutions for persons who are deaf, mute, or blind are established and supported.
§ 4 Compulsory school attendance
The Legislature shall provide for the compulsory attendance of children at school.
§ 5 Board of Education
A State Board of Education is provided for.
§ 6 Textbook system
A system of official multiple textbooks for the common schools is provided.
§ 7 Instruction in agriculture
Instruction in agriculture, horticulture, and stock feeding is provided in the schools.
§ 8 Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
A Board of Regents governs the University of Oklahoma.
Article XIII-A Oklahoma State System of Higher Education
§ 1 State System of Higher Education
All state institutions of higher education are coordinated into the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education.
§ 2 State Regents for Higher Education
The Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education are established to coordinate the system.
§ 3 Appropriations; allocation
Appropriations for the system are made in a lump sum and allocated by the State Regents.
§ 4 Coordination of private institutions
The coordination of private, denominational, and other institutions with the state system is provided for.
Article XIII-B Board of Regents of Oklahoma Colleges
§ 1 Board created; members; terms
A Board of Regents of Oklahoma Colleges is created, with its members and terms.
§ 2 Powers and duties; officers
The board's powers and duties and its appointment of officers and supervisors are provided.
§ 3 Successor to existing boards
The board succeeds existing governing boards and takes their records and property.
§ 4 Salaries and expenses
Salaries and expenses are paid from allocated funds.
Article XIV Banks and Banking
§ 1 Banking department
A banking department is established to supervise and regulate banks.
§ 2 Classification of loans and lenders
Loans and lenders are classified and licensed, with maximum rates of interest set.
§ 3 Excessive rates; forfeiture
Charging an excessive rate forfeits interest and allows recovery of double the interest paid.
Article XV Oath of Office
§ 1 Oath required; form
Officers must take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitutions of the United States and Oklahoma and to discharge their duties faithfully.
§ 2 Administration and filing; refusal
The oath is administered and filed, and refusal to take it or a false oath has stated consequences.
Article XVI Public Roads, Highways, and Internal Improvements
§ 1 Legislative power over highways
The Legislature has power over the establishment and regulation of roads, highways, and internal improvements.
§ 2 Acceptance of granted lands
The state accepts lands granted or reserved for highway purposes.
§ 3 Levees, drains, ditches, and irrigation
The Legislature may provide a system of levees, drains, ditches, and irrigation.
Article XVII Counties
§ 1 Counties as bodies politic
Counties are declared bodies politic and corporate.
§ 2 County and township offices
County and township offices are established as provided by law.
§ 3 Provision for persons in need
Counties shall provide for persons in need as directed by law.
§ 4 Creation or alteration of counties
The Legislature provides for the creation or alteration of counties, subject to a vote of the affected people.
§ 5 Disorganization of a county
The disorganization of a county is provided for.
§ 6 Removal of county seat
The procedure for the removal of a county seat is prescribed.
§ 7 Bribery in county-seat elections
Bribery in connection with the location of a county seat is prohibited.
§ 8 Description of counties; county seats
The counties of the state are described and their county seats designated.
Article XVIII Municipal Corporations
§ 1 Creation; classification
Municipal corporations are created and classified by general or special laws.
§ 2 Existing corporations continued
Existing municipal corporations are continued with their rights and powers.
§ 6 Right to engage in business
A municipality may engage in any business or enterprise for the benefit of its inhabitants.
§ 7 Control not divested; surrender of powers
A municipality does not divest itself of control, and the surrender of powers is restricted.
Article XIX Insurance
§ 1 Foreign insurance companies
Foreign insurance companies may do business only on stated conditions.
§ 2 Entrance fees; annual tax
Insurance companies pay entrance fees and an annual tax.
§ 3 Non-profit insurance organizations
Non-profit insurance organizations are provided for.
§ 4 Fees paid to State Treasurer
Insurance fees are paid to the State Treasurer.
Article XX Manufacture and Commerce
§ 1 Denatured alcohol
The manufacture and sale of denatured alcohol for industrial use is provided for.
§ 2 Kerosene oil standards
Kerosene oil is subject to flash-test and specific-gravity standards.
Article XXI Public Institutions
§ 1 Establishment and support
The state establishes and supports institutions for the care of persons in need and correctional institutions.
Article XXII Alien and Corporate Ownership of Lands
§ 1 Alien ownership prohibited
Aliens who are not bona fide residents may not acquire land, and lands held in violation must be disposed of.
§ 2 Corporate ownership of real estate
Corporations are restricted from buying, acquiring, or dealing in real estate except as necessary to their business.
Article XXIII Miscellaneous
§ 1 Hours of labor on public work
Eight hours constitutes a day's work on public work, except in emergencies.
§ 2 Contracting out prohibited
The contracting out of certain public work in evasion of labor standards is prohibited.
§ 3 Children under fifteen
The employment of children under fifteen in hazardous occupations is prohibited.
§ 4 Underground employment; hours
Underground employment and hours of labor underground are regulated.
§ 5 Health and safety of employees
The Legislature shall protect the health and safety of employees.
§ 6 Contributory negligence; assumption of risk
The defenses of contributory negligence and assumption of risk are questions of fact for the jury.
§ 7 Right of action for death; recovery
A right of action for wrongful death is preserved, and the amount of recovery is not limited.
§ 8 Contracts waiving constitutional benefits void
Contracts waiving the benefits of the Constitution are void.
§ 9 Stipulations for notice void
Stipulations requiring notice or demand as a condition of liability are invalid.
§ 10 Change of salary or term during office
The salary or term of an officer may not be changed during the term, with continuance in office provided.
§ 12 Limitation on use of public monies
A limitation is placed on the use of public monies.
Article XXIV Constitutional Amendments
§ 1 Amendments proposed by the Legislature
Amendments may be proposed by either house, agreed to by a majority of each, and submitted to a vote of the people.
§ 2 Constitutional convention
The Legislature may submit to the people the question of calling a constitutional convention to propose amendments or a new constitution.
§ 3 Amendment by initiative preserved
The right of the people to amend the Constitution by initiative petition is not impaired.
Article XXV Social Security
§ 1 Relief for the needy aged and disabled
The state shall provide relief and care for needy aged and disabled persons, cooperating with the federal government.
§ 2 Department of Public Welfare
A Department of Public Welfare is established to administer public assistance.
§ 3 Public Welfare Commission
An Oklahoma Public Welfare Commission is created.
§ 4 Director of Public Welfare
A Director of Public Welfare administers the department.
§ 5 Contemporaneous legislation
Legislation contemporaneously adopted with this article is given effect.
Article XXVI Department of Wildlife Conservation
§ 1 Department; Commission created
A Department of Wildlife Conservation and a Wildlife Conservation Commission are created.
§ 2 Game and fish laws; acquisition of property
Existing game and fish laws remain, and the department may acquire property.
§ 3 Director of Wildlife Conservation
A Director of Wildlife Conservation administers the department.
§ 4 Disposition of funds
The disposition of the department's funds is provided for.
Article XXVIII Alcoholic Beverage Laws and Enforcement
§ 1 Alcoholic Beverage Laws Enforcement Commission
A commission is created to enforce the alcoholic beverage laws, with its appointment, membership, and powers.
§ 1.A Transition of the control board
The transition from the former Alcoholic Beverage Control Board to the commission is provided for.
§ 2 Exclusion of low-alcohol beer
Beer or cereal malt beverages below a stated alcohol content are excluded from certain provisions.
§ 3 Legislative enactment; nondiscriminatory sales
The Legislature enacts implementing laws, and indiscriminate sales to licensed retailers are addressed.
§ 4 Retail sales; package stores and by the drink
Retail sales are authorized through package stores and by the individual drink.
§ 5 Prohibited sales to certain persons
Sales to certain persons are prohibited, with limitations on retail licenses.
§ 6 Prohibited sale days; penalties
Sales on certain days are prohibited and penalties provided.
§ 7 Taxation and licensing
Alcoholic beverages are taxed and licensed, with the distribution of the funds specified.
§ 8 State not to engage in the business
The state and its subdivisions are prohibited from engaging in the alcoholic beverage business.
§ 9 Occupation tax
An occupation tax is imposed in connection with alcoholic beverages.
§ 10 Restrictions on issuance of licenses
Restrictions are placed on the issuance of licenses.
§ 11 Repealer
Superseded provisions are repealed.
Article XXIX Ethics Commission
§ 1 Ethics Commission; appointments; terms
An Ethics Commission is created, with its appointments, qualifications, terms, and provisions for vacancies.
§ 2 Appropriation; compensation; staff
The Commission is funded, and the compensation of its members and its staff are provided for.
§ 3 Ethics rules
The Commission promulgates rules of ethical conduct for campaigns and state officers and employees.
§ 4 Investigation; subpoena power
The Commission investigates alleged violations, renders decisions, and has subpoena power.
§ 5 Ethics interpretations
The Commission issues interpretations of the ethics rules.
§ 6 Criminal penalties
Criminal penalties for violations are provided.
§ 7 Removal
The removal of commissioners is provided for.
Full, verbatim text at OK Legislature